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In Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian, the adessive case (abbreviated ; from Latin ''adesse'' "to be present") is the fourth of the locative cases with the basic meaning of "on". For example, Estonian ''laud'' (table) and ''laual'' (on the table), Hungarian ''asztal'' and ''asztalnál'' (at the table). It is also used as an instrumental case in Finnish. In Finnish, the suffix is ''-lla/-llä'', e.g. ''pöytä'' (table) and ''pöydällä'' (on the table). In addition, it can specify "being around the place", as in ''koululla'' (at the school including the schoolyard), as contrasted with the inessive ''koulussa'' (in the school, inside the building). In Estonian, the ending ''-l'' is added to the genitive case, e.g. ''laud'' (table) - ''laual'' (on the table). Besides the meaning "on", this case is also used to indicate ownership. For example, "mehe''l'' on auto" means "the man owns a car". As the Uralic languages don't possess the verb "to have", it is the subject in the adessive case + ''on'' (for example, ''minulla on'', "I have", literally "at me is"). The other locative cases in Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian are: *Inessive case ("in") *Elative case ("out of") *Illative case ("into") *Allative case ("onto") *Ablative case ("off") ==Finnish== The Finnish adessive has the word ending -lla or -llä (according to the rules of vowel harmony). It is usually added to nouns and associated adjectives. It is used in the following ways. * Expressing the static state of being on the surface of something. :Possible English meanings of ''on, on top of, atop'' :: kynä on pöydällä ''the pen is on the table'' *As an existential clause with the verb ''olla'' (to be) to express possession :This is the Finnish way to express the English verb ''to have'' ::Meillä on koira ''we have a dog ('on our (possession, responsibility, etc.) is dog')'' * Expressing the instrumentive use of something :Possible English meanings of ''with, by, using'' ::Hän meni Helsinkiin junalla ''he went to Helsinki by train'' ::Hän osti sen eurolla ''he bought it for a euro'' * In certain time expressions expressing the time at which things take place :Possible English meanings of ''during'' in over ::aamulla ''in the morning'' keväällä ''in the spring'' * Expressing the general proximity in space or time at which something takes place (where the more specific proximity case would be the inessive) :Possible English meaning of ''at'' ::poikani on koululla ''my son is at school'' (c.f. inessive case: poikani on koulussa ''my son is inside the school'') ::hän on ruokatunnilla ''he is at lunch'' - literally on the lunch hour :::(Although not strictly a use of the adessive this proximity difference is mirrored in adverbial forms such as täällä - around here and tässä - right here) * In certain expressions expressing mood ::Janne oli huonolla tuulella ''Janne was in a bad mood'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Adessive case」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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